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Sigil Ebook | e-book production tool

Country: America Type: tools

Tag: E-book EPUB

English Websites: https://sigil-ebook.com/ Enter The Website

Sigil-Ebook

Sigil aims to make it easy to create excellent e-books using EPUB format. If you are using formatted books for yourself, or if you are a professional editor who publishes books on multiple platforms, then Sigil is for you.

You can use Sigil to format and package your books into an EPUB that looks exactly what you want, with a set of advanced features that make Sigil one of the most popular EPUB editors.

This open-source and completely free software is entirely written and supported by volunteers. The current Sigil development team includes Doug Massage and Kevin Hendricks as co leaders for development and maintenance.

Previous developers/authors include John Schember, Grant Drake, and Dave Heiland. Sigil was originally created by Strahinja Markovic in 2009 and is completely free to download and use. Other volunteers also provide support by contributing code, translations, and useful answers to user questions. For a complete list of contributors, please refer to the Help=>About menu in Sigil.

Some imprint functions:

  1. Free and open-source software under GPLv3

  2. Multi platform: Run on Windows, Mac, and Linux

  3. Complete UTF-16 support

  4. EPUB 2 and EPUB 3 specifications support

  5. Multiple views: code view and preview view

  6. Fully control editing EPUB syntax directly in the code view

  7. Catalog generator with multi-level title support

  8. Metadata Editor

  9. Translate user interface into multiple languages

  10. Theme icon

  11. Use default and user configurable dictionaries for spell checking

  12. Full support for search and replace regular expressions (PCRE)

  13. Support importing EPUB and HTML files, images, and style sheets

  14. All imported files can be formatted and you can choose to "beautify" your code

  15. Plugin support

  16. Checkpoint support (comparing modified "snapshots")

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Rosneft | Russian Oil Company

Rosneft operates in all major oil and gas provinces of Russia, including Western and Eastern Siberia, the Volga region, the Urals, the Far East, Timano-Pechora, Krasnodar Krai and offshore Russia. Rosneft is the undisputed leader of the “green” agenda in the fuel and energy complex of the Russian Federation. Rosneft-2030 Strategy In late 2021, the Rosneft Board of Directors approved the strategy “Rosneft-2030: Reliable Energy and Global Energy Transformation”. The key priorities of the new strategy are carbon footprint reduction, operational leadership and efficiency improvement. The key goal of Rosneft’s long-term development strategy is to achieve net carbon neutrality in scope 1 and 2 by 2050, becoming the first company in the domestic oil and gas industry to set this strategic goal. The "Rosneft-2030" strategy defines the short-term and medium-term goals of the climate agenda: reducing absolute greenhouse gas emissions by 5% by 2025; reducing methane emissions to below 0.2% by 2030; achieving zero routine combustion of associated petroleum gas; reducing unit greenhouse gas emissions in the upstream link to below 20 kg of CO2/boe; reducing absolute greenhouse gas emissions by more than 25% by 2035. Carbon neutrality is the basis of Rosneft's strategic vision: while remaining a reliable producer, minimizing the impact on the climate and the environment. This goal will be achieved by reducing emissions, using low-carbon power generation, developing energy-saving technologies, carbon capture and storage technologies, using natural absorption potential, and other measures. At the same time, the "Rosneft-2030" strategy points the way for the development of the company's various business areas: maintaining the leading position in unit production costs, increasing the share of natural gas in total production to 25%, increasing payments to Rosneft shareholders and improving profitability, actively promoting circular economy principles, applying biodiversity protection methods, etc. Exploration In terms of hydrocarbon reserves, Rosneft is the undisputed leader among the world's public oil and gas companies. According to the results of the PRMS international classification (Hydrocarbon Resource Management System) reserve audit, as of December 31, 2022, the company's 1P reserves were 42.3 billion barrels of oil equivalent, 2P reserves were 84.2 billion barrels of oil equivalent, and 3P reserves were 132.4 billion barrels of oil equivalent. The production replacement rate of 2P reserves exceeds 100%. Rosneft conducts exploration in all underground resource utilization areas of the Russian Federation, including the Russian Far East, Eastern Siberia, Central Russia, Timano-Pechora and Southern Russia. In 2022, Rosneft conducted more than 44,000 square kilometers of 2D seismic and more than 68,000 square kilometers of 3D seismic onshore in Russia. Testing of 64 exploration wells was completed with a success rate of 80%. The company is the largest user of subsurface resources in Russia's offshore: Rosneft holds licenses for the development of 55 blocks offshore the Russian mainland. The hydrocarbon resources in these blocks amount to about 41.5 billion tons of oil equivalent. Rosneft has implemented a large-scale offshore exploration program and has exceeded its license commitments every year. Efficient geological exploration has enabled the company to discover 7 oil fields and 153 new hydrocarbon deposits with reserves of about 0.3 billion tons of oil equivalent in the AB1C1+B2C2 category. The most important discoveries include Madachagskoye on the continental shelf of the Pechora Sea with recoverable oil reserves of 82.3 million tons in the AB1C1+B2C2 category. This is the largest discovery in the Russian Federation in 2022. Thus, as of December 31, 2022, the Company's hydrocarbon reserves classified in Russia amounted to 159.3 billion barrels of oil equivalent (21.5 billion tons of oil equivalent) in the AB1C1+B2C2 category. Among the most outstanding discoveries of Rosneft in recent years are also the world's largest oil field: the West Ilginskoye field in the Krasnoyarsk Territory, as well as the Zhukov and Rokossovsky gas fields offshore the Kara Sea. Their total potential is estimated at 4 billion barrels of oil equivalent. In addition, in 2021, the company discovered a unique rich-gas condensate field named after Е.Zinichev in the Krasnoyarsk Territory with recoverable reserves of 384 billion cubic meters of AВ1С1+В2С2 natural gas, as well as the large Kederginskoye gas field in Yakutia with recoverable reserves of more than 43 billion cubic meters of AВ1С1+В2С2 natural gas. Production and Development Effective management of the portfolio of production assets and investments in the development of new fields enables Rosneft to ensure stable growth in hydrocarbon production now and in the future. Rosneft is the largest oil producer in the Russian Federation with a share of more than 40% in total production. In 2022, the company's liquid production reached 5.1 million barrels of oil equivalent per day. At the same time, average daily hydrocarbon production rose to 5.5 million barrels of oil equivalent due to the resumption of production at the Sakhalin-1 project in the fourth quarter of 2022. Rosneft is also one of the largest independent natural gas producers in Russia. Natural gas production reached a record high of 74.4 billion cubic meters in 2022. As part of its development strategy, Rosneft plans to increase the share of natural gas in its total hydrocarbon production to 25% by 2025. Vostok Oil Flagship Project In 2020, Rosneft launched the Vostok Oil Project, the largest project in the global oil and gas industry. Currently, the project includes 52 licensed areas in the Krasnoyarsk Territory and the northern part of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Region, where 13 oil and gas fields are located, including the Vankor group of fields (such as Vankor, Suzun, Tagur and Lodochnoye fields) and the Payakha group of fields. The project resources amount to 6.5 billion tons. This estimate is confirmed by large-scale geological surveys and detailed reports of world-class experts and international auditors. The results of the exploration are many times higher than the forecasts, so we can confidently predict that oil production will remain high for decades to come, with a phased increase to 115 million tons by 2033. The logistical advantage of the Vostok oil project is that the raw materials of the oil fields can be supplied to all international markets, especially the Asia-Pacific region. The record low unit extraction costs and the low carbon footprint (only one-quarter of the global average for new projects) make Vostok Oil one of the most environmentally friendly and "green" oil production projects in the world. Vostok Oil's crude oil is unique in composition: it is a high-quality light sweet crude oil with a sulfur content of 0.01% to 0.1%. This figure is comparable to the Euro 3 standard for diesel. In fact, these are "green barrels" produced through advanced technology. Their production may significantly reduce or even eliminate the need for certain units of refineries, thereby significantly reducing greenhouse gas emissions. In addition to conventional thermal power generation, the Vostok Oil energy system will also integrate wind power generation, which is a unique feature of the project. The maximum capacity of the wind farm can reach 200 MW. A notable feature of the project is its almost 100% utilization of associated petroleum gas for its own energy needs. The main oil transportation artery of the Vostok Oil project will be a unique pipeline with a length of about 770 kilometers. This trunk pipeline will transport Vostok Oil's commercial oil to the port of Sever Bay. The new oil pipeline system will include existing infrastructure in the Vankor cluster and infrastructure to be built on the Taimyr Peninsula in the coming years. The project focuses on the extensive use of in-house and Russian solutions: more than 99% of the equipment and components of the Vostok oil power plant are domestically produced. Oil refining and gas processing Rosneft is the leading company in Russia's oil refining industry. The company accounts for more than 35% of Russia's refining output. In 2022, the company's oil refining volume reached 94.4 million tons. The company's refining and petrochemicals segment includes 13 large refineries, 3 petrochemical plants, 4 gas processing plants, 3 catalyst manufacturing plants and 1 service company. Rosneft is implementing the largest refinery upgrading project in the industry, including the renovation of the Komsomolsk-on-Amur refinery, the upgrading of the Ryazan and Tuapse refineries, the renovation and upgrading of the Achinsk refinery, the Angarsk Petrochemical Company and the Samara Group plants. The total investment in the project exceeds 1 trillion rubles. Rosneft's petrochemical complex includes the Angarsk Polymer Plant, the Novokuibyshevsk Petrochemical Company and the Ufarg Synthetic Plant. In addition, the petrochemical business includes the aromatics production center in Bashneft-Ufa Neftkim and the methanol, butanol and amine production facilities of Angarsk Petrochemical Company. Rosneft holds a leading position in the domestic petrochemical catalyst market. The company's Angarsk Catalyst Plant, Novokuibyshev Catalyst Plant and RN-Kat produce products that are comparable to the best in the world and even exceed them in some parameters. Since 2020, Rosneft has completely abandoned imports and switched to using only its internally produced hydrotreating and hydrocracking catalysts. This helps solve the most important strategic task of reducing the domestic refining industry's dependence on imported catalysts. In 2022, the company began to export its internally produced catalysts abroad. Rosneft holds a 49.13% stake in India's Nayara Energy, which includes a refinery with an annual production capacity of 20 million tons in the city of Vadinar. The refinery is the second largest refinery in India and one of the most technologically advanced refineries in the world. The Indian company is implementing a refinery upgrade program: the first phase plans to build a polypropylene production unit with an annual capacity of up to 450,000 tons. Nayara Energy's business also includes a deep-water port that can accommodate very large VLCC tankers and one of the largest fuel retail networks in India with more than 6,500 fuel stations. Fuel supply and retail In the reporting year, Rosneft continued to fully meet the growing demand for high-quality motor vehicle fuels in the domestic market. The scope of domestic sales of petroleum products reached a record 42.1 million tons in 2022, an increase of 6.0% year-on-year. Rosneft's retail network is the largest in Russia in terms of geographical coverage and number of gas stations, and Rosneft's gas station brand is also one of the leaders in Russia in terms of visibility and fuel quality. Rosneft's retail business covers 61 regions of Russia. At the same time, the company operates about 3,000 gas stations in Russia, Belarus, Kyrgyzstan and Abkhazia. These gas stations are equipped with shops, cafes, pharmacies, post offices and dry cleaning counters. The company is also promoting a new customer service method at its gas stations - food trucks (mobile retail stores). Currently, gas stations in St. Petersburg, on the federal highway between St. Petersburg and the Republic of Karelia, and gas stations in Arkhangelsk offer "mobile cafe" services. The company's retail and sales complex has 116 oil bases, as well as a fleet of 915 refueling trucks. The company is also implementing a program for compressed natural gas (CNG) filling stations. Currently, the network of filling stations and filling station modules includes 21 filling stations in Voronezh, Saratov, Orenburg and Ulyanovsk regions, Stavropol Territory, the Republic of Ingushetia, the Republic of Mordovia and the Republic of Udmurtia. By 2028, Rosneft intends to launch up to 200 filling stations under its refueling infrastructure development program. Rosneft equips its gas stations with electric vehicle charging infrastructure. Rosneft's gas stations have 55 charging units in the city of St. Petersburg, as well as in the Leningrad, Moscow, Tver, Lipetsk and Voronezh regions, the Krasnodar Territory and the Republic of Buryatia. One of Rosneft's priorities is to expand sales channels for its premium products, including in the fields of airport refueling, bunkering and asphalt. Rosneft provides "aircraft refueling" services at 40 airports in Russia and abroad. Rosneft's refueling business covers all major Russian seaports and river ports. In the field of asphalt, Rosneft is developing the manufacture and sale of high-tech modern materials for road construction, the most important of which are modified products, which help to significantly improve the quality of road surfaces. Far Eastern Shipyard On the commission of the Russian President, Rosneft is implementing a large-scale project to create a shipbuilding cluster in the Far East, the core of which will be the Red Star Shipyard in Bolshaya Kamen, Moscow. The construction of the shipyard is being carried out in two stages. The facilities of the first expansion phase were commissioned in 2016 and 2017 (hull shop, paint shop and heavy open outfitting slipway) and are currently in operation. In September 2016, Russian President Vladimir Putin, speaking at the launch ceremony of the first phase of the shipyard, said: "We have reason to believe that the new plant will be superior to our main international competitors in many aspects." The President noted that the development of the civilian shipbuilding industry and the commissioning of new production facilities are one of the key strategic tasks for strengthening the industrial potential of the Russian Far East. The President noted that it is very important to implement Rosneft's integrated strategy in the Russian Far East, which aims to build oil and gas production and processing facilities, while supporting research activities, implementing social projects and creating infrastructure for high-quality growth. "All this demonstrates a fundamental and responsible way of doing business, which should serve as a reference point for other large Russian and foreign companies ready to invest in the Russian Far East," said the President of the Russian Federation. One of the key facilities of the first phase is the open heavy outfitting slipway. The slipway is an advanced engineering structure covering an area of ​​12 hectares. The slipway is equipped with four 100-ton gantry cranes, two 320-ton bridge cranes and a 1,200-ton giant crane, which has no analogues in Russian shipyards. This type of crane allows to build several ships with large sections at the same time (in existing Russian shipyards, the maximum capacity of the cranes does not exceed 500 tons). As a result, now Russia can build ships and offshore facilities up to 300 meters long and 75 meters wide. In July 2018, Zvezda Shipyard received a transport and transshipment floating dock with a loading capacity of 40,000 tons. The dock is designed to launch large ships with a length of about 300 meters, a width of more than 50 meters, a launching weight of up to 40,000 tons, and a deadweight of up to 350,000 tons, as well as to launch marine facilities such as drilling platforms and their components without the use of special equipment, and to ensure high quality and safety of the launch. In December 2021, the dry dock of Zvezda Shipyard was put into operation 3 years ahead of schedule, becoming the largest dock in Russia and one of the largest in the world. The second stage of the shipyard construction is scheduled to be put into operation in 2024. The facilities of the second stage include additional full-cycle manufacturing workshops for the construction of large-tonnage ships and marine facilities. The product line of the Zvezda Shipyard includes high-tech and large-tonnage ships, offshore drilling platforms, exploration and production platforms, service vessels, including ice-class ships. The order portfolio of the shipyard lists more than 60 ships. They have already launched three Aframax tankers, two of which are already transporting oil, and one Katerina Velikaya multipurpose vessel. Zvezda Shipyard is building the Russian flagship, the first nuclear-powered icebreaker of the "Leader" project. The ship will be the most powerful nuclear-powered ship in the history of global shipbuilding. This technologically highly complex project has no analogues in the world. Its main goal is to provide year-round trials for commercial fleets on the Northern Sea Route. The "Leader" project will become the basis for a new generation of Russia's icebreaker fleet. By 2024, the shipyard will employ more than 7,500 highly qualified specialists. In the town of Bolshoi Kamen, a new residential complex called Parkovy is being built for them. In July 2022, the shipyard held a housewarming party in the first two residential buildings built at the expense of Rosneft. There will be a total of 10 residential buildings in the area, equipped with playgrounds and sports fields. Sustainable development (ESG) Rosneft's strategy is based on structuring its business in accordance with the highest health, safety and environmental requirements. Rosneft has been a member of the UN Global Compact since 2010 and publishes its sustainability report every year. Rosneft's mission, values, guidelines and strategic principles are aligned with the UN's 17 Sustainable Development Goals. The company has identified five priority goals and will achieve them through its core business: good health and well-being, affordable and clean energy, decent work and economic growth, combating climate change, and partnerships for sustainable development. In December 2021, the company's Board of Directors approved a new development plan: "Rosneft-2030: Reliable Energy and Global Energy Transformation". According to this strategy, Rosneft aims to achieve net carbon neutrality by 2050. In 2021, Rosneft became the only Russian oil and gas company to be awarded the status of Leader in Sustainability and included in the Global Compact’s LEAD initiative for its strong commitment to the UN Global Compact and its ten principles for responsible business. Rosneft directly contributes to the achievement of the UN’s 17 goals not only in its core business, but also by supporting various projects and initiatives aimed at improving living standards, developing healthcare, science and education, culture and protecting the environment in the regions where it operates. In 2022, Rosneft ranked among the leaders of Russian ESG stock indices for the seventh consecutive time, including the Moscow Exchange-RUIE (Russian Union of Industrialists and Entrepreneurs) Responsibility and Openness Index and the Moscow Exchange-RUIE Sustainability Vector Index. The company was awarded the highest level of ESG rating for sustainable corporate governance by the University of Perugia and the “Yes-Strategy” business development agency in Italy. Science and Innovation Rosneft is a leader in innovative change in the Russian oil and gas industry. The company's efforts are aimed at developing the industry's knowledge and technological potential, building on the strong foundation of the best Russian oil and gas schools in the world. Rosneft has formed the largest R&D complex in Europe with a large-scale infrastructure and outstanding R&D potential: it consists of 30 institutes and employs 185,000 highly qualified specialists. The company's R&D complex is spread across all regions of the company's business, as well as abroad. At the same time, the applied interests of the complex's scientists cover all business areas, from oil field development to retail. R&D complex specialists have developed more than 16 geological, oil production and refining software packages, including the RN-GRID package for modeling hydraulic fracturing operations (GRP), RN-GEOSIM, RN-KIM, RN-SIGMA, and others. In terms of digital transformation and IT technology development, more than 50,000 digital twins of oil wells and production facilities have been implemented. Digital oilfield and digital refinery projects have been launched. The company's software products surpass foreign counterparts in terms of the number of tasks handled and calculation speed. The quality and efficiency of Rosneft's software are also demonstrated by its successful commercialization: licenses for 10 of the company's unique products have been exported to foreign markets. 74% of Rosneft's own software is used in exploration and production, and in the fields of hydrodynamic modeling, hydraulic fracturing design and geonavigation, this figure reaches 100%. The effect of introducing internal IT solutions has reached about 10 billion rubles. In the course of implementing the innovation development program, Rosneft has created a portfolio of 118 targeted innovation projects and continues to fully commission new technologies, both those offered for the first time by manufacturers and those that have been successfully tested in oil and gas practice. Testing and implementation of technologies are carried out at multiple levels depending on strategic importance and scale of promotion, and pilot tests are carried out. Rosneft relies on accelerated business digitalization, industrial Internet technologies, which will fundamentally strengthen the control of logistics and eliminate the factor of human error. Environmental protection Rosneft prioritizes environmental protection and the preservation and restoration of natural resources. To make its operations more environmentally friendly and minimize its environmental footprint, the company's "green" investments over five years (2018-2022) total about 270 billion rubles. The company's environmental initiatives include the rational use of associated petroleum gas, reducing greenhouse gas emissions and improving its capture and storage technologies, optimizing water and wastewater treatment processes, land reclamation and ecosystem protection. Currently, all major subsidiaries of the company have achieved 99% utilization of associated petroleum gas by establishing infrastructure to collect, use and supply gas to consumers or re-inject it into formations. In the field of natural resource protection, the company actively promotes the principles of "circular economy" ("closed loop economy"), including waste-free manufacturing technologies, resource recovery and reuse. Rosneft implements a series of comprehensive programs to protect and restore natural resources. An important component of Rosneft's strategy is the natural absorption mechanism. The company has already significantly contributed to the absorption of greenhouse gas emissions by forests through annual afforestation in its operating areas. In the period 2020-2022 alone, Rosneft subsidiaries planted more than 18 million seedlings and young trees. In 2022, the company launched the world's largest forest-climate project. A package of forestry measures is expected to have a cumulative absorption potential of 10 million tons of CO2 equivalent. Rosneft's forest-climate project aims not only to significantly contribute to the absorption of greenhouse gases and help develop a methodological framework for the establishment of an appropriate mathematical balance model, but also to contribute to the establishment of a regulatory framework for the market of carbon units (CU). The company pays special attention to measures for the reproduction of aquatic biological resources. Group subsidiaries are responsible for the reproduction and release of fish fry into river systems (in total, group subsidiaries released about 230 million fish fry in 2020-2022). Under the project of the Arctic Research Center (part of the Rosneft Research and Development Center) and the Innopraktika non-governmental development institute of the Biology Department of the Lomonosov Moscow State University, Russian scientists have created a unique prototype of a biological product for cleaning up oil and oil product spills on the coastline and waters of the North Sea. The technology is based on the use of naturally occurring psychrophilic (cold-loving) microorganisms, which feed on hydrocarbons. In July 2012, Rosneft sent two research vessels to the North Sea for the first time to study the runoff winds of Novaya Zemlya. This expedition launched the largest Arctic research in modern history. In the following 10 years, Rosneft conducted about 40 comprehensive expeditions, many of which were unique. With the help of Russian high-tech equipment, they studied 90% of the Russian Arctic glaciers. These studies had practical goals, which included the development of the Northern Sea Route and the control of ice conditions at high latitudes. The company implements projects aimed at studying and protecting Arctic animals and birds, which are indicators of the sustainability of the region's ecosystems. Likewise, expeditions went to study polar bears, Atlantic walruses, wild reindeer, Siberian sables and ivory gulls, which are recorded in the Red Book at all levels. The results of the research serve as the basis for planning the company's operations and organizing environmental monitoring. The company is sponsoring projects for the protection and breeding of rare animals, such as Siberian tigers, polar bears, Atlantic walruses, ivory gulls and wild reindeer. Rosneft is protecting polar bears in all zoos across the country and financing the construction of new homes to make the bears' living conditions as comfortable as possible and similar to their natural habitat. Social responsibility Rosneft implements social programs in all regions of its presence: building modern hospitals, sports centers, ice stadiums, schools and kindergartens. The company has strategic cooperation agreements with local governments. This is primarily aimed at the development of social infrastructure. Large-scale projects are underway that will completely change the face of towns and provide local residents with direct access to the latest services in health care, education, sports and recreation, as well as housing and utilities. The company's subsidiaries are often the main employers in their locations, so they undertake commitments to maintain streets and roads, build bridges, repair utilities and transport networks, electricity and heating facilities, and replace equipment. Rosneft implements dozens of projects related to supporting health care and developing medicine. It allocates a large amount of funds for the construction, overhaul and reconstruction of medical facilities (clinics, hospitals, medical centers), the improvement of their infrastructure, and the purchase of new medical and diagnostic equipment. The main social projects in this field include the launch of a multifunctional medical center in Gelendzhik, the construction of a new children's hospital building in Saratov, and the creation of a comprehensive emergency system of emergency medical services in the Arctic. Another important focus of the social policy of Rosneft and its subsidiaries is the support of sports. The company finances the construction of ice arenas, sports centers and multifunctional sports stadiums in its regions. The company supports not only professional sports, but also amateur sports. Rosneft owns the CSKA ice hockey club, and also finances the Arsenal football club in Tula, sponsors the Lada Sport Rosneft racing team as a general sponsor, helps Russian sambo wrestlers and promotes various regional sports development programs. Rosneft actively participates in important events in Russia's cultural life. The company finances projects that define the country's cultural image, influence national identity and form the public's understanding of high culture. These include support for the Shostakovich St. Petersburg Philharmonic, the Boris Eifman Ballet, the Sretensky Monastery Choir, as well as such notable cultural events as the exhibition of Thomas Gainsborough’s paintings and Edo paintings at the Pushkin Museum of Fine Arts and the exhibition of Raphael’s paintings at the Hermitage Museum. In 2019, Rosneft helped the Hermitage Museum reopen part of the Ancient World Gallery. This incomparable museum space had been closed to the public for nearly 40 years. After an extensive restoration, the gallery returned to its historical appearance and became the venue for the permanent exhibition “Ancient Colonization of the Northern Black Sea Region”. Rosneft is the general sponsor of the “White Steamboat Children’s Music Festival”, a charity project for disadvantaged children. Gifted children receive an education in singing, performance techniques, choral singing, musical instruments and choreography from highly skilled professional tutors at a unique summer singing and choral school, and then perform at gala concerts in major concert halls across Russia.

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Asia -Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)

The Asia -Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) is a regional Economic Forum established in 1989 to promote the increasingly interdependent relationship between the Asia -Pacific region.The 21 member states of the Asia -Pacific Economic Organization aims to create greater prosperity for the people of the region by promoting balance, tolerance, sustainability, innovation and security, and accelerating regional economic integration. There are 21 members of the Asia -Pacific Economic Organization.The reason why the "economy" is used to describe members of the Asia -Pacific Economic Cooperation is because the cooperation process of the Asia -Pacific Economic Cooperation Organization mainly focuses on trade and economic issues, and members participate in each other as economic entities. What are you doing? The Asia -Pacific Organization Organization ensures smooth flow of goods, services, investment and personnel.All member states promote this trade by accelerating the border customs clearance procedures, creating a more favorable border business environment, and coordinating regulations and standards in the entire region.For example, the measures of the synchronization regulatory system of the Asia -Pacific Economic Organization are the key to Asia -Pacific economic integration.In this case, as long as all economies adopt a common standard, products can be easier to export. sustainable and inclusive Asia -Pacific region The Asia -Pacific Economic Cooperation is committed to helping all residents in the Asia -Pacific region to participate in economic growth.For example, the Asia -Pacific Economic Cooperation Project provides digital skills training for rural communities and helps indigenous women export products.Members of the Asia -Pacific Organization Organization recognized the impact of climate change, and implemented measures to improve energy efficiency and promote sustainable management of forests and marine resources. The forum is constantly adjusted to allow member states to respond to major new challenges facing the economic welfare in the region.These include ensuring disaster recovery capabilities, planning epidemic response and response to terrorism. The 21 member economies of the Asia -Pacific Economic Organization are Australia, Brunei, Brunei, Canada, Chile, the People's Republic of China, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Japan, South Korea, Malaysia, Mexico, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Peru, the Philippines,The Russian Federation, Singapore, China Taipei, Thailand, the United States of America and Vietnam. APEC process Asia -Pacific Economic Cooperation Organization: Cooperation and Consensus The Asia -Pacific Economic Cooperation is a cooperative multilateral economic trade forum.The member economy participates on the basis of open dialogue and respect for all participants.In the Asia -Pacific Economic Cooperation, all economies have equal speech, and decision -making was achieved by negotiation.No binding commitment or treaty obligations.The commitment is voluntarily made, and the capability construction project helps members to implement the initiative of the Asia -Pacific Economic Organization. The structure of the Asia -Pacific Economic Cooperation is both "from the bottom up" and "top -down".The four core committees and their respective working groups provide strategic policy suggestions to the leaders and ministers of the Asia -Pacific Economic Cooperation Organization, and the latter formulates the vision for the overall goals and measures each year.The working group was then implemented through various projects funded by various Asia -Pacific Economic Cooperation.With the assistance of the Asia -Pacific Economic Co -Organization Capability Construction Project, member states have also adopted separate and collective actions to implement the Asia -Pacific Economic Cooperation Organization in their respective economies. Asia Pacific Organization Organization Capability Construction Project The capability construction project plays an important role in helping the Asia -Pacific Organization Organization's goals into reality.Through skill training and technical knowledge to improve the ability of member states, the project funded by the Asia -Pacific Economic Cooperation has enhanced the preparation of new measures to adopt new measures, from electronic customs processing to regulatory reform.The Asia -Pacific Economic Cooperation Project also targets specific policy areas, from improving the competitiveness of SMEs to promoting the use of renewable energy technology in the region. The Asia -Pacific Economic Cooperation Organization Project Management Department and Work Combination Supervisory Projects funded by the Asia -Pacific Economic Cooperation Organization.The project funds are donated by members of the Asia -Pacific Economic Organization. The Asia -Pacific Organization Organization Policy Support Department provides policy research, analysis and assessment to assist the implementation of the ACOCC. The Asia -Pacific Economic Cooperation process is supported by the Staff Secretariat located in Singapore.

Tag: APEC

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BnF National Library of France

History of the National Library of France, first the Royal Library, then the National Library and the National Library, the National Library of France (BnF), since 1994 called the National Library of France, today the National Library of the French Republic. It inherits the royal collections built up since the late Middle Ages and is one of the oldest cultural institutions in France. “The mission of the BnF is to collect, catalogue, preserve, enrich and disseminate the national documentary heritage. The BnF ensures that the collections are accessible to as many people as possible, both on-site and remotely, and develops national and international collaborations. » Libraries of Kings and Scholars In 1368, Charles V housed his collection in a specially designed room in the Louvre: about ten years later, it contained more than 900 volumes. This was the beginning of a tradition that the kings of France were keen to maintain. Francois I on 28 December 1537 On 16th, a decree was issued that introduced a new principle. He ordered printers and booksellers to deposit any printed books sold in the kingdom in their bookshops at the Château de Blois. This obligation, called legal deposit, was a fundamental step for the Royal Library. It was brought back to Paris in the second half of the 16th century and survived the Wars of Religion, but not without damage. In 1666, the library experienced a real development under the leadership of Colbert, whose ambition was to make it an instrument of glory for Louis XIV. He established it in the Vivienne Quarter and led an aggressive policy of increasing the collection, doubling the number of manuscripts and quadrupling the number of printed books. Open to the public In just a few decades, the library occupied the first position in Europe. In 1719, Abbot Bignon Appointed librarian by the king, he brought the library to an unprecedented splendor. He divided it into several sections: engravings, manuscripts, medals and engraved stones, engravings, and collections of prints, titles and genealogies. He also continued the work of his predecessors in the acquisition of documents, and was very keen to include all the important works of European scholarship. Abbot Bignon also worked to facilitate access to the library for scholars and the simply curious. At the end of the 18th century, nearly a hundred people visited the library's reading room every day. Borrowing records show that encyclopedists including Voltaire and Rousseau often visited there. Revolutionary Turmoil The French Revolution had a profound impact on the library. Legal deposit was removed in July 1790 and selectively restored three years later under the Copyright Act of July 19, 1793 (until 1810). 1860). However, the King's Library, which had become the National Library, greatly increased its funds during this period, thanks to the arrival of hundreds of thousands of confiscated or seized documents. The property of the clergy, distributed between museums and libraries and the libraries of emigrants or of Louis XVI, Marie Antoinette and Madame Elisabeth, enriched the national collection. The library also benefited from the seizures of Napoleon's troops in Belgium, Germany, the Netherlands and Italy. This is evidenced, for example, by the letters of Father Le Brun, librarian of the army, who was in charge of scientific and artistic searches in the northern countries with a group of scholars: We made a great discovery in Cologne. Twenty-five boxes of books... That's what the ancient town of Ubiens offered to the Republic. Modernization efforts in the 19th century The problem of insufficient library space was made worse by the large number of documents that entered as a result of the revolutionary confiscations. The first half of the 19th century was a long period of trial and error in this regard. In 1858, a commission headed by Prosper Mérimée prepared a report on the reform of the organization of the Imperial Library. Napoleon III partially adopted his conclusions, commissioning the architect Henri Labrouste to rebuild parts of the building on site. His name is especially associated with the construction of the Print Reading Room (1868), in which the use of cast iron triumphed. This renaissance was continued by the medievalist Léopold Delisle, who was appointed General Administrator in 1874. He initiated the production of the General Catalogue of Printed Books, the first volume of which was published in 1897 and the last (for works entered before 1960) in 1981. . Throughout the second half of the century, a series of exceptional donations were added to the fund: the Duke of Rouen’s collection of antique vases and coins in 1862, the collections of Bourges (1854) and Henning (1863), and even the manuscripts of Victor Hugo. Expanding Collections and Growing Audience In the 20th century, the library continued to expand, with the number of reading rooms increasing from 6 between 1930 and 1964 to 11. In parallel, three annexes were built in Versailles in 1934, 1954 and 1971, one in Sablé in 1980 and another in Provence in 1981. However, these extensions were not enough to solve the storage problem due to the explosive growth of print production. The growing number of collections and the arrival of new media, especially audiovisual, brought increasingly acute conservation problems. The places available for readers were already insufficient. Despite the modernization and computerization efforts made by the institution in the 1980s, it was difficult to adapt to the new conditions of print production and reading needs. The birth of the National Bank of France Faced with the difficulties brought about by the growth of print production and the growth of cultural needs, the National Library had to change. In this context, scientific and technological developments opened up new perspectives for the fulfillment of its mission, both in the field of conservation and in the field of document acquisition. Advances in IT tools and telecommunications are renewing the means of collection management and their identification. Combined with the digitization of texts and images, they enrich research and reading practices and open up the possibility of remote consultation of documents. On July 14, 1988, in a traditional television interview in the Parc des Champs-Elysées, the President of the Republic, François Mitterrand, announced the "construction and development of the largest and most modern library in the world": This large library must cover all areas of knowledge, be open to everyone, use the most modern data transmission technologies, enable remote consultations and establish relations with other European libraries. The site finally chosen for its construction is on the banks of the Seine in the 13th arrondissement of Paris. In August 1989, the project designed by the architect Dominique Perrault was chosen by the President of the Republic after a project selection process by an international jury. The then Minister of Culture, Jack Lang, announced that all the printed works of the National Library, that is, ten million books, would be transferred there. On December 20, 1996, the Research Library at the François Mitterrand site was opened, and on October 8, 1998, the opening of the Research Library marked the completion of this major project.

Tag: library

Reading: 22 2024-11-17

Russian Federal Presidential Office

Management structure, legal foundation.List of related organizations: Activity field, contact information.Procedure for citizen's appeal. The Russian Federal President's Order was established on November 15, 1993 based on the Russian Federal Presidential Order and formed an independent federal execution authority, led by the Russian Federal Presidential. The history of the president's office began before this day.Its origin can be traced back to the distant 1826, when the Royal Palace and Manor Department were established in the Russian Empire.After many changes and reforms, on November 15, 1993, the Presidential General Office became the legal successor of the General Office of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, the Soviet Minister's Meeting, and the Fourth General Administration of the Soviet Ministry of Health. So far, the Russian Federal Presidential Affairs Office has not only guaranteed the activities of the heads of state, the head of the government, the head of the government, the presidential office, the federal committee, the national Duma and other highest federal power agencies, but also provided residents with extensive services. According to the regulations approved by the Presidential Order, the Presidential Affairs Office is responsible for performing the following tasks: Logistics support; Family social service; Financial and economic security; Make sure the president's participation and government activities; Transportation; Organizational medical assistance; Organizational nursing homes and nursing home treatment, and provides organizational rest. The presidential office system is becoming more and more open.Any Russian citizen can use the services of medical institutions such as nursing homes, resorts, cultural facilities, and agricultural enterprises. The geographical scope of subordinate organizations from the east of Russia to the western border, from north to southern.In 2014, colleagues from the Republic of Crimea joined the Presidential Office. The Presidential Affairs Office has been developing and strengthening its professional and human resources.The multi -faceted activities of the Presidential Affairs Office gathered all possible professional experts in a large family composed of 50,000 staff members of the central agency and 110 subordinate agencies.Scholars, doctors, architects, engineers, economists, teachers, lawyers, designers, chefs, agronomists, architects, pilots and drivers, teachers, educators, IT experts, correspondents, ballet and dancers, book managementMembers and tour guides are doing their favorite things for Russia's interests every day.

Reading: 42 2024-11-17

Best free high -resolution inventory photo and video | Iso Republic

Welcome to the ISO Republic!We are an independent website that provides the best high -resolution CC0 photos and video selection.Our mission is to provide highly selected inventory pictures and video sets for your personal and commercial use.Learn more information about our license. Whether you build a new website for your company or create a blog about your personal life, you need pictures.The correct image is not just accent.It is no longer optional.Today, websites and social users want to see excellent photos that can strengthen your information and evoke the correct emotional response. This is the power of a wonderful photo, which is also the reason we are here: help you find the right image and draw the finishing touch for all your creative projects. Under the generous CC0 permit, we provide high -quality free inventory photos and videos.There is no limit.You can download, edit, or share in personal and commercial projects, and do not need to obtain permission or authorization from the creator of the work.Although we encourage attribution, this is not necessary.Click here to learn more about the CC0 license. Are you a photographer? Iso Republic has been looking for high -skilled photographers and cameramen with creative vision and original perspective.We hope to ensure that our planning collection is growing. We welcome all creative people to join our community to achieve this goal. If you are a creative photographer or a cameraman and have a talent for taking interesting photos, we are willing to share your work with our eager audience.We are very picky about choosing the content of sharing with our user community, but we encourage new and experienced creative personnel to submit their best works. If you want to submit your photography or videos for consideration, we want to receive your letter.We are glad to consider the submission of skilled creators who are willing to agree with our license clauses.

Tag: Photo video

Reading: 39 2024-11-16

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